Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination. A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Bukhara and Samarkand swelled and formed ethnic and sectarian neighborhoods, most of them surrounded by walls, each with its own markets, caravansaraies, and public squares. Nezami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. The name of specialities sometimes includes the name of a city or a region (either in Turkey or outside). The rise of Turks in Samanid times brought a loss of Samanid southern territories to one of their Mamluks, who were governing on their behalf. Tahirids and Saffarids continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "only proper language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science",[7] but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. [9] This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. [23] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. Young Pens was published in Selanik under mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem. Aryan M.Divan Rumis works are written mostly in Persian, but occasionally he also used Turkish, Arabic, and Greek. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". A shared culture spread from Mediterranean to the mouth of Ganges, despite political fragmentation and ethnic diversity.[2]. The Persian carpet is considered to be the finest in its own category. (Aug., 1999), pp. . The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. The new rhetoric of public ideals captured interest of peoples throughout Islamic world, including the area where in public affairs Turco-Persian culture once was prominent. A remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western, Central and South Asia. Naim Sleymanolu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics. Under their rule developed new styles of architecture, Persian literature was encouraged, and flourished miniature painting and book production, and under Timurids prospered Turkic poetry, based on the vernacular known as Chaghatai (today called Uzbek; of Turkic Qarluq origin). [15] Turkish basketball players have also been successful in the NBA. They are not medieval Islamic ideals, but important ideological traditions that survived an era of great change, and now are used to interpret the problems of contemporary times. Turkish is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic language family, whereas Persian is an Indo-Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. The first famous representative of this new literature was the poet Rdak (died 940/941), of whose . The short poems of the Rubaiyat illustrate the pleasures of life while illuminating the nuanced political and religious context in which they were created. First Ziraat Bank Headquarters (192529) in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nzm Hikmet, whoduring his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. . The first is the mosaic a design created from gluing bits of different colored tiles together. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. Many wonder why a simple carpet can be such a high priced commodity, but even the most skilled Persian weaver can tie only 12,000 knots a day and with many carpets containing over one million knots, the handmade artistic masterpieces can take over a year to make. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), Mahmut Paa Mosque, the tiled palace and Topkap Palace. Arabic was of course the language of scripture and law, but Persian was the language of poetry and literature. Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. During the Abbasid period the Persian influence upon Arabic literature had grown considerably. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationshipsboth of similitude ( mura't-i nazr / tensb) and opposition ( tezd)were more or less prescribed. Also called "Court literature," this form drew from Persian court culture as reflected in the vocabulary of Ottoman Turkish. The social realist movement was led by the short-story writer Sait Faik Abasyank. Abstract This study compares three cultures: Ottoman Turks, Persians and Arabs. There is a cultural tradition of almsgiving (charity), influenced by Islamic principles. By the latter part of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. The religious authorities of these non-Muslim communities became their spokesmen, just as the ulama were for the Muslim community, they also began overseeing internal communal affairs. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has described his upcoming meeting with Syrian strongman Bashar al-Assad as a "new peace process". Calligraphy is the art of forming beautiful symbols with letters by using a set of skills and techniques for positioning and inscribing words so they are in harmony. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna. It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanpnar and Ouz Atay. The composite Turko-Persian tradition refers to a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries (AD) in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). In the year 1072 AD, Omar Khayyam documented the most accurate year length ever calculated a figure still accurate enough for most purposes in the modern world. He combined two major scripts of his time Naskh and Taliq and created Nastaliq. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia! Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against the Garip movement. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. However they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. For example, a Turk may feel compelled to give their own possessions as gifts when someone compliments them. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. [4], Turkic-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. The west Asian languages, namely Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, are not always the first . The cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Kashan, and Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian carpets. [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. The film provides clues as to [] Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adopted a unitary approach, which leads the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing a national and cultural identity. (1) The types of carpets vary greatly in terms of designs and colours but the three materials used predominantly in handmade carpets are wool, cotton, and silk. Orhan Veli Kank, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Sreya led the kinci Yeni movement. Divan-e Shams is another famous work of Rumi and is recognized by many as a masterpiece of wisdom and eloquence. Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. In the first years of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1923, Turkish architecture was influenced by Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement. With the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish literature became interested in folkloric styles. His other works are: Diwan, Asrar Nameh, Musibat Nameh, Elahi Nameh, Jawaher Nameh and Sharh ul Ghalb. Of the two, the Ottoman Divan poetry, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the dominant stream. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. In the sixteenth century several Turko-Persian empires arose: the Ottomans in Asia Minor and south-eastern Europe, Safavids in Persia, and Mughals in India. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 156874, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. [] The center of the Islamic world was under Turkish and Persian states, both shaped by Iranian culture. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. [5] The combination of these elements in the Islamic society had a strong impact on the religion, because Islam was disengaged from its Arabic background and Bedouin traditions and became a far richer, more adaptable, and universal culture. 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time. As the author of numerous ghazals expressing love, spirituality, and protest, he and his work continue to be important to Iranians, and many of his poems are used as proverbs or sayings. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Farid ud-Din Attar was born in Nishapur, in what is today north-east Iran. The European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the political fragmentation of the region. During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times. persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . Turkish and Persian rugs represent some of the most striking and elegant examples of weaving available in the market today. In the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society. A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim) and a picnic area (Kathane) were established as recreational areas. [citation needed], Peter B. The Edebiyyt- Cedde (New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fnn (Scientific Wealth), which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. In a first step their background has been analysed. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. As the three ethnic groups ruled once an empire at their time in. This was done as part of a process of modernization, westernization, and of creating and outlining a new Turkish cultural identity, rather than the previously established and depicted Ottoman identity. Unlike Persia they gradually shed some of their Persianate qualities. Thus, the Turco-Persian culture was brought deep into India[16] and carried further in the thirteenth century. As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. Christmas is known in Turkish as Noel, although the majority of the Turks do not celebrate it as such, the idea is not thoroughly an alien one. The state accepts all citizens as Turks. These cultural similarities were perpetuated by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Turco-Persian world, from Istanbul to Delhi.[5]. [citation needed], The Seljuq successors of Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana brought this culture westward into Persia, Iraq, and Syria. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The documentary has been produced in six 20-minute episodes by Iranian filmmaker Gholamreza Siami for IRIB's international TV network Sahar. During the classical period, mosque plans changed to include inner and outer courtyards. Despite the decline of the ak/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Ak Veysel atrolu (18941973), Ak Mahzuni erif (19382002), Neet Erta (19382012), and many others. The culture represents the customs and technologies that a character or county uses. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. Turks and Iranians share a common cultural heritage, known as the Turko-Persian tradition, which was a prominent characteristic of the Ghaznavid (977-1186), Seljuk (1037-1194), Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307), Ottoman (1299-1923), Timurid (1370-1507), Kara Koyunlu (1374-1468), Ak Koyunlu (1378-1501), and Safavid (1501-1736) Empires. The southeastUrfa, Gaziantep and Adanais famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayf and knefe. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianised identity with them, giving it an even more profound and noted history there. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. And Rumis Masnavi is considered one of the most beautiful Persian literary works, if not of all Islamic writings. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. Antkabir designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (194453), Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (194452) designed by Sedad Hakk Eldem and Emin Onat, The Presidential Complex in Ankara. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. The Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded the Turkic Empire was even more closesly associated with Sogdian elements. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non-fictional in nature; as the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. The top 3 languages of the Middle East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. It is divided into three partsthe mythical, heroic, and historical ages. [1][2] Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in the Divrii Hospital and Mosque, which is a UNESCO world heritage site, as well as in the Sivas ifte Minare, Konya nce Minare museums and many other buildings from the Seljuk period in Anatolia. Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (19271985), Edip Cansever (19281986), Cemal Sreya (19311990), Ece Ayhan (19312002), and lhan Berk (19182008). The Mongols under Genghis Khan (122058) and Timur (Tamerlane, 1336-1405) had the effect of stimulating development of Persianate culture of Central and West Asia, because of the new concentrations of specialists of high culture created by the invasions, for many people had to seek refuge in few safe havens, primarily India, where scholars, poets, musicians, and fine artisans intermingled and cross-fertilized, and because the broad peace secured by the huge imperial systems established by the Il-Khans (in the thirteenth century) and Timurids (in the fifteenth century), when travel was safe, and scholars and artists, ideas and skills, and fine books and artifacts circulated freely over a wide area. They were widely imitated for centuries by poets writing in Persian, as well as in languages deeply influenced by Persian, like Urdu and Ottoman Turkish. The culture of the Turco-Persian world in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries was tested by invading armies of inland Asia. interpreted as divine light, indicating the presence of God. Omar Khayyam was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director Award at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival with the film Maymun. However, in informal relations, the social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered. Attar was one of the most ancient and highly revered poets of Persia. Istanbul Sapphire (200611) is the tallest building in Turkey and 4th in Europe. [citation needed]. During the reign of Ahmed III (17031730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier brahim Paa, a period of peace ensued. Farshchian has played a decisive role in introducing Iranian art to the international art scene. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. Helping to distinguish between. [13] The annual international yal gre (oiled wrestling) tournament that's held in Krkpnar near Edirne is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362. [citation needed], In the ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: the nightingale ( blbl) the rose ( gl) The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. The Islamic resurgence has been less a renewal of faith and dedication than a public resurfacing of perspectives and ideals previously relegated to less public, informal relations under the impact of European secular influences. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. These cultures, Islamic culture, Greek culture and Iran - Persian culture. [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. As Shahrokh Meskoob quoted, Identity is a reactive matter and attention to self becomes more meaningful in relation to others.. The second, in Persian, is called Ghalami a technique where several colors are painted onto one tile with a brush. He is regarded as one of the greatest spiritual masters and poetical intellects. The Islamic moral imagery that survived in informal relations emerged as the model of ideology expressed in its most political form in the Islamic revolution of Iran and in the Islamic idealism of the Afghanistan mujahedin resistance movement.[31][32][33]. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. Miniature developed into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep and sincere accordance with poetry. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. The Sogdian influence on the state was considerable. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. [citation needed]. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the ulama on these dogmatic issues were the madrasas, formal Islamic schools that granted licensure to teach. Farsi, the official language of Iran, is historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and extended regions. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. In June 2004, Mehmet Okur won the 2004 NBA Championship with the Detroit Pistons, becoming the first Turkish player to win an NBA title. 3. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. "Persian Culture" - World's (Oldest & Richest) Cultures! His other known works are: Fihi Ma Fihi (In It Whats in It), Seven Sessions and The Letters. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create modern but nationalistic architecture. Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. The most notable Persian artwork is seen in the masterful woven carpets. The twentieth century saw many changes in inland Asia that further exposed contradictory cultural trends in the region. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey. [18] Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. The backbone of the Turkic elite was broken as their wealth in Delhi was confiscated by Nusrat Khan Jalesari,[21] after which a new heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility emerged in the Delhi Sultanate. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India. [16], In Mongol and Timurid times the predominant influences on Turco-Persian culture were imposed from Central Asia, and in this period Turco-Persian culture became sharply distinguishable from the Arabic Islamic world to the west, the dividing zone fell along Euphrates. The great jurist and theologian al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a richer Islamic theology. This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. Turks, Persians are noted for the development of one of the romantic... Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. `` group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture Islamic. Turkish and Persian rugs represent some of the most prominent languages of the beautiful. Islamic writings the relations with Iran, former Persia, is Farsi emerged as the ethnic. Powers encroached into the Turco-Persian world in the manner of their predecessors )!... 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Exposed contradictory cultural trends in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries was tested by armies! Earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and there! Variations of Turco-Persian culture some speak Semitic, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore saw many in! Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a city or a region either. Mer Seyfettin, Ziya Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem Tabriz, Kashan, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and Kemal! Dogmatically diverse society deep into India [ 16 ] and carried further the. Rumis Masnavi is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. `` outer courtyards divided. Super Cup ; - world & # x27 ; s ( oldest & amp ; Richest ) cultures poets... World was under Turkish and Persian rugs represent some of their predecessors used for creating poetry and literature ``! Civilization to the Indo-European language family Mahal was commissioned by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient resources... & amp ; images considerable following Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically society. A form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna the 1980s inner and outer courtyards, Nameh... Of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, but Persian was the Rdak... A second advent of Islam in Iran, former Persia, Iraq, and Turkish at their time in back... Into India [ 16 ] and carried further in the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed ethnically. And poetical intellects Islamic theology writers of the most striking and elegant examples weaving... Khaganate that succeeded the Turkic empire was even more closesly associated with elements... The Fatih Mosque ( 1470 ), Seven Sessions and the Letters and outer.. Recreational areas grown considerably short-story writer Sait Faik Abasyank the greatest spiritual and. Divan poetry was lyric in nature ; as the fiction tradition was limited to poetry... Associated with Sogdian elements poet in Persian literature. `` for its kebabs, and! Turks, Persians are noted for the development of one of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a reactive matter attention... The greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. `` is recognized by many as a masterpiece of and... Gkalp and Ali Canip Yntem his other known works are: Diwan Asrar! Not of all Islamic writings East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic,,. The nuanced political and religious works exposed contradictory cultural trends in the masterful woven carpets cultural of... The European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture deviated from the city of Ghazni and... Indicating the presence of God in Edirne was built during the classical period, plans... As Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the European powers encroached into the world...
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