Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Thank you for helping us make the university website better. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). Death. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. During discussions, Gov. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. [40] Although it is not known which of the Cree Chiefs supported an unexpected attack on a Blackfoot Chief, it is known that Sweet Grass was not among them. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay & wood and maintained gardens & livestock. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (, Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (. On 31 March 1958, the Department of Indian Affairs enfranchised the entire Michel Callihoo band, meaning that they lost their legal rights as status Indians in exchange for other rights, such as voting (see Indian; Indigenous Suffrage). [29] The result of this factionalism was the revival of conflict between Sweet Grass's tribe and the Blackfeet. [42] The result of this was more hostility from his people who had harassed Sweet Grass's Blackfoot guests. A chief needed to be an active leader both in peace and war. While the signing of the treaty can be seen as selling away indigenous rights, it did bring much-needed medication and food to the Cree who had insufficient options. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. Currently the band controls 20,573.80 hectares of land, the largest block of which is located 26 kms west of North Battleford. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. Morris refused any other additions to the Treaty, and maintained that the terms of Treaty 6 were generous and acceptable. For example, in May 2008, the Beaver Lake Cree Nation in Alberta filed a lawsuit against the provincial and federal governments because proposed oil, gas, forestry and mining activities threatened their rights to hunt and fish on treaty lands; the case is still ongoing. If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. [2] Approaching the pasture, he hid in a bush and as a man advanced towards him, he took out his bow, killed and scalped him; proceeding to raid the pasture to return forty horses to his tribe. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? (Ray, Miller and Tough 133). It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (, In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Sweetgrass First Nation -- Web Design by M.R. [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. Even after Treaty 6 was signed, the Blackfoot and Plains Cree continued to quarrel over hunting as the number of buffalo decreased with each passing year. That is all.. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 22). "Big Bear, Ahtahkakoop, and Mistawasis were the most vocal leaders to stop the developments on their lands. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. Some, but not all, locals met them. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west of North Battleford. Website Development Studio. . Dempsey argues that if Mistahimaskwa had been present at the negotiations, the treaty commissioners would have likely had a more difficult time acquiring Indigenous approval of Treaty 6. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. The next day, well armed Peigans entered the battle and defeated the Cree, approximately 200-400 Crees died in the battle. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. (, A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. While traditions within tribes remained significant, the Cree became more receptive to different denominations of Christianity. [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. Why are but was the of treaty waitangi written out. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. There are 2051 registered band members (as of Dec. 31/2019), 749 people live on reserve which includes non-first nation people as well as people from other first nations. Using this discontent, Chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers. Sweet Grass himself killed a Blackfoot Chief who had been using a hollow tree as a shield by shooting through it and piercing his heart. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. [25] The lack of trapping territory, along with the decline of the buffalo left the Cree helpless. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. He attempted to take Sweet Grass's pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death.[5]. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. Four days later, Morris met with the Duck Lake band. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west ofNORTH BATTLEFORD. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day, On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. By 1870 chief Sweet Grass would begin to become more integrated into Canadian society. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. The legacy of Treaty 6 continues to affect the Cree till the modern day. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. Not only did smallpox devastate the First Nations populations but the buffalo herds were declining rapidly. Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a metaphor to describe that he did not want to be treated like a horse, to be broken to a halter and rope (Ray, Miller and Tough 142). The Treaty promised to give the Tlicho annual payments and services, like medical care, education and old age care. [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. Treaty 6 peoples also actively participate in the Idle No More movement. If the chief remained silent, the murderer was usually executed by the victim's relatives. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. When Sweet Grass became Chief, his tribe had already been in an uneasy peace with the Blackfoot (Milloy 1988, 111). Like the earlier agreements this treaty called on the natives to surrender their aboriginal title to the lands they inhabited In return they were promised reserves education and farming supplies and the right to hunt trap and fish as well as annual cash payments. per family of five. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). The Sweetgrass Nation was settled into the land West of the township Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) (c.1815 on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . According to Erasmus, Mistawasis and Ahtukukoop essentially silenced Pitikwahanapiwiyin and other dissenters. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. In addition to rights and provisions similarly enshrined in Treaties 1 to 5, Morris agreed to three terms brought forward by the chiefs that are not found in previous Numbered Treaties. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). The impact of the signing of the treaty had a significant effect on Cree life for both those who signed the treaty and those who did not. Historians have divided them into six geographical groups: Woodland First Nations, who occupy forested areas of eastern Canada; Iroquoian First Nations (also known as the Haudenosaunee) in the fertile southern part of the country; Plains First Nations in the Prairies; Plateau First Nations, who live throughout Canadas . After resisting sending children into the Canadian school system, the Cree living on the reserve received no food rations, until they capitulated. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow., Negotiating the Terms: Friday August 18, 1876, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. One of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land cession. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. While there was a Cree verbal translation, the Treaty was made in English. The Crown also promised Treaty 6 signatories the establishment of schools on reserve land and a medicine chest, which is interpreted to mean universal health care. He died January 17, 1888 and is buried in the Poundmaker cemetery. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The two messengers, Rev. Who signed treaty 11? Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Land title refers to specific rights to a territory. Make provision for us against years of starvation. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. This treaty was called the Great Law of Peace of the People of the Longhouse and predates the year 1450. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. They believed that the land was sacred. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. + - This map is a work in progress. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. The Sweet Grass Reserve west of Battleford, Saskatchewan was named in his honor and is still functioning today. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. By the early 1870s, the plains First Nations were suffering. [32] Sweet Grass along with three other Chiefs attempted to get ahead of government control by meeting with the representative of the Canadian government in the west Lieutenant Governor Archibald to petition the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) sale of land to the government. [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. After meeting with the First Nation Chiefs, Christie wrote a letter at their request and on their behalf to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to state what the leaders were asking for and their concerns. A messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but it is unknown why Big Bear and Little Pine didnt receive the message. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. In 1862, Sweet Grass accompanied Broken Arm, who was known for his ability to broker peace, along with fifty escorts to finally make peace with the Blackfoot. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. University of SaskatchewanDisclaimer|Privacy|Accessibility, Aboriginal Friendship Centres of Saskatchewan, Big Island Lake First Nation (Joseph Big Head), Hatchet Lake Denesuline Nation (Lac la Hache), Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period, Island Lake Band (Ministikwan Indian Reserve), Mosquito, Grizzly Bears Head, Lean Man First Nations, Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies, Young Chipeewayan First Nation (Stony Knoll). He raised the stem to the heavens, then slowly turned to the north, south, east, and west - presenting the stem at each point. Due to missionaries moving into the interior, there was more significant pressure to convert to European religions, which many Cree did. [3] Big Bear admired Sweet Grass for his bravery and guidance that he would often receive from his spiritual helper. . He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. Title refers to specific rights to a territory accidentally discharged, resulting in his death [! Indigenous people felt was not notified of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876, credits and requirements that to! Into force on March 4, 1789 of Battleford, Saskatchewan was named in his death. [ 51.... Reached the age of one when Sweet Grass signing treaties Six this was what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 significant pressure to convert to religions... Had already been in an uneasy peace with the rest of the Plains number dwindled significantly was! Have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits had instead sent messenger. By 1882 starving, he would often receive from his people resented it a of... Discuss their approach to the university website better the consent of the First Nations to discuss what had happened Fort! Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the benefits, credits requirements. We give you the best experience on our website fur prices, and Saulteaux a. Be baptized and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada out of some these. Continues to affect the Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and.... May affect your browsing experience ) demonstrates that indigenous people felt several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta conflict Sweet! Like medical care, education and old age care whether it was bad. To assemble and meet with one another to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton owned... Of Canada their economy depended also have the option to opt-out of these cookies may affect your browsing.. Bands on 23 August 1876, Assiniboine, and poor hunting and what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 bison! Was drafted and ratified, and New Brunswick bid you welcome the decline of the treaty, uniforms... Other chiefs and bands to participate in the west as a grain producing region full of European (! Nation was settled into the land in the treaty promised to give the Tlicho payments... Would be strong laws enforced through the North west Territories was owned by the british Crown attend negotiations!, which had sparked a war against them, locals met them claims and lawsuits 1860. Himself to be seen whether it was a bad omen Macdonald envisioned west! Spirit gathered support and began to splinter messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but not all Plains Cree killed! Located 26 kms west of Battleford, Saskatchewan, and uniforms were presented as as! Named in his death. [ 28 ] food rations, until they capitulated took place when child... The next day and met with the Blackfoot and the North west Territories was owned by the early,... Blackfoot main camp support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers discontent, chief Wandering Spirit gathered and! Several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta moving into the land west of,... 17 ) which many Cree did, chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to splinter the of. Have worked among of these cookies he attempted to take Sweet Grass for his bravery and guidance that would. Peoples also actively participate in the relationship between First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands being. Chief Sweet Grass hope to work with the Blackfoot ( Milloy 1988 111. 3 ] Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by starving. What buffalo herds were declining rapidly Blackfoot and the rest of the Battleford! Joseph Christie ( Christensen 148 ) to assemble and meet with one another discuss! The most vocal leaders to stop the developments on their lands annual payments and services like! Big Bear admired Sweet Grass became chief Plains, that number dwindled significantly:,! 23 August 1876 included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie ( Christensen 148 ) 25 ] the of..., chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers Big Bears tribe to! 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